Atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure is defined as the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface in the Earth's atmosphere.

Here I am also providing you a link on the definition of pressure.You can get the clear concepts of pressure here.

There is less atmospheric mass where there is low pressure areas  above their location, whereas high pressure areas have more atmospheric mass above their location. Similarly,when elevation increases there is less overlying atmospheric mass, so that pressure decreases with increasing elevation.

How to calculate atmospheric pressure:You can see atmospheric pressure calculator to know how to calculate atmospheric calculator.By using the Barometric Formula,

P = Mass/Volume = (nNAm)/nRT / P
R/NA = K

n = number of moles

NA = Avogadro number

m = mass of one molecule

K = Boltzmann constant

R = Gas constant

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Skeleton & Bones

We science help , we are now covering the topic skeletons and bones.Let us learn about Skeleton & Bones

Skeletons are the structures which hold our bodies together & are very important to keeping us healthy. Learn about moving & growing by sorting & labeling the bones of a human skeleton as well as the skeletons of other animals such as fish, an insect or horse in this fun activity for kids. Find out where bones such as skull, collar bone, the ribs,& pelvis belong inside the human body.

Learn interesting facts & ideas, did you know there are over 200 bones in the adult human body? Or that like crabs & lobsters, insects have exoskeletons skeletons on the outside of their bodies? Enjoy finding out more about the human skeleton & animal bones with this cool, interactive game.

The human skeleton includes of both fused & individual bones supported & supplemented by tendons, ligaments, muscles & cartilage. It serves as a scaffold which anchors muscles, supports organs, & protects organs such as the lungs, brain & heart. The biggest bone in the human body is the femur in the upper leg & the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear. In an adult the skeleton comprises around 14% of the total body weight, & half of this weight is water.

 In our next blog we shall learn about hibiscus flower I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

Stages of Evolution

In this post we learn about Evolutions and the stages of evolution. Lets first define evolution and then,understand Darwin theory of evolution;The theory of evolution is an explanation for the origin of the cosmos and life on Earth through natural processes.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all related. Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) "descent with modification".Darwin's theory also explains the study of chromosome structure which is a very important aspect under evolution.

According to the theory of evolution, earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago. Its atmosphere probably contained little free oxygen, but a lot of water vapor and other gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and was extremely hot. By 3.9 billion years ago, earth cooled enough for water vapor to condense, allowing millions of years of rain that formed earth's oceans.

Fish Respiratory System

In this post we are learning about the fish respiratory system.Gills are made to mediate the gas exchange in fish. The filaments are arranged in order  in rows in the gill arches, and each filament has lamellae, discs that contain capillaries. We know the blood enters and leaves the gills through these small blood vessels. Although gills are all restricted to a small section of the body, the immense respiratory surface created by the gill filaments provides the whole animal with an efficient gas exchange. The surrounding water keeps the gills wet.

A flap, the operculum, covers and protects the gills of bony fish. Water containing dissolved oxygen enters the fish's mouth, and the animal moves its jaws and operculum in such a way as to pump the incoming water through the gills. As water passes over the gill filaments, blood inside the capillaries picks up the dissolved oxygen. Since the blood in the capillaries flows in a direction opposite to the flow of water around the gill filaments, there is a good opportunity for absorption. The circulatory system then transports the oxygen to all body tissues and picks up carbon dioxide, which is removed from the body through the gills. After the water flows through the gills, it exits the body behind the fish's operculum.In the next post we learn about fish circulatory system and functions.

Monocot Stem

In this post we can learn about monocot stem, its parts and the uses.We will also try to see how monocot is different from dicot stem i.e monocot vs dicot and the basic differences.

Lets learn using the transverse section of monocot stem with an example. It has the following four parts:

 

            1) epidermis

            2) cortex (with or without part of it being differentiated into a hypodermis)

            3) vascular bundles

            4) a matrix called conjunctive tissue.

Galore grouping use the statement "pith" instead of connective paper for monocots, but in fact we are not alone certain what this evolved from (see pages 206 to 214 in Organism Anatomy (Mauseth)). Angiosperm stems, in which the stele consists of numerous tube bundles in a complex piece, are said to person an atactostele. Oft, fill leave draw the tube bundles of endogen stems as "sporadic," but that implies they are haphazard, and jazz no itinerary. If you could see the bundles in triad dimensions, examining a length of stem, you would see that they someone an extremely punctilious organisation, it is conscionable too difficult to translate it by examining a thwartwise section.

Nitrogen Cycle Diagram

Nitrogen (N) is an very essential component which forms the building blocks of life. All living organisms require nitrogen to live and grow.We will try to learn about the nitrogen uses in daily life.Majority of the air which we breathe is N₂, most of the nitrogen in the atmosphere is unavailable for use by organisms.Find below the nitrogen cycle diagram which helps us understand the process well.

Quintet important processes pedal nitrogen finished the biosphere, part, and geosphere: gas fixation, nitrogen uptake (system ontogeny), cryogen mineralization (change), nitrification, and denitrification. Microorganisms, peculiarly microorganism, wit stellar roles in all of the pedagogue element transformations. As microbially mediated processes, these nitrogen transformations lean to occur faster than geological processes similar shield motion, a real weaken, purely energetic activity that is a thing of the copy oscillation. Instead, rates are strained by environmental factors that persuade microbial reflexion, such as temperature, moisture, and ingenuity availability.

Animal Cell Structure

In this post we are learning about animal cell and its structure.Animal cells are typical named as eukaryotic cell, which is enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.The animal cell structure consists of the following parts. 


We will learn about the animal cell parts and functions which is a very important topic covered under animal cells.

• Centrioles - Centrioles are the self-replicating organelles which is made up of nine bundles of microtubules and are found only in animal cells.
  
• Cilia and Flagella - For single-celled eukaryotes, cilia and flagella are essential for the locomotion of individual organisms.
  
• Endoplasmic Reticulum - The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of sacs that manufactures, processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell.
  
• Golgi Apparatus - The Golgi apparatus is the distribution and shipping department for the cell's chemical products.
  
• Lysosomes - Lysosomes break down cellular waste products and debris from outside the cell into simple compounds, which are transferred to the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials.
  
• Microfilaments - Microfilaments are solid rods made of globular proteins called actin.
  
• Microtubules - These are straight, hollow cylinders,which composed of tubulin protein, are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and perform a number of functions.
  
• Mitochondria - Mitochondria are oblong shaped organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell. In the animal cell, they are the main power generators, converting oxygen and nutrients into energy.
  
• Nucleus - The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information and administrative center of the cell.
  
• Peroxisomes - Microbodies are a diverse group of organelles that are found in the cytoplasm, roughly spherical and bound by a single membrane. There are several types of microbodies but peroxisomes are the most common.
  
• Plasma Membrane -  The plasma membrane is the inner layer of protection surrounded by a rigid cell wall. Eukaryotic animal cells have only the membrane to contain and protect their contents. T
  
• Ribosomes -Living cells contain ribosomes.
  

Importance of Chemistry

Chemistry is a branch of science, which deals with the study of matter, its properties, composition and the changes that it undergoes in composition, is defined as chemistry.This post is help with chemistry mainly to identify the importance of chemistry in daily life.

There are many branches in chemistry. We can broadly classify chemistry as Organic chemistry, Inorganic chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry etc.So, lets now discuss the importance of chemistry and its uses in daily life.

Chemistry plays a major role in medicine. We use chemistry in manufacturing life saving drugs and prophylactics, i.e., disease preventing serum and vaccines, Anaesthetics and antiseptics.

We use Chemistry in making of synthetic fibre like rayon, nylon. Plastics like bakelite, teflon, polythene, cement, glass and ceramics and extraction of metals like silver, magnesium, gold, iron etc.

Chemistry is also used in making chemical fertilizers like urea, ammonium sulphate, for the better production of crops. Insecticides such as DDT, BHC, chlorinated hydrocarbons, aldrin, malathion, dieldrin, furodan etc., for the protection of crops from insects and to help in the safe storage of foodgrains.

Types of Solids

Solids can be crystalline or amorphous. Some examples of solids are ice, coal, etc.


A crystalline solid is one in which the atoms, ions, or molecules lie in an orderly array. There are various types of solids, which are categorized as shown below.


Molecular Solids: It consists of atoms or molecules held together by intermolecular forces.  The physical property of molecular solids varies greatly.

Metallic Solids: It consists of positive cores of atoms held together by a surrounding sea of electrons.  The delocalized electrons are from the outer shells of the metallic atoms. This type of solid also has physical properties that vary over a wide range.


Ionic Solids: It consists of ions, cations and anions held together by the electrostatic attraction of opposite charges.


Covalent Network Solids: A covalent network is one that consists of atoms held together in large networks by covalent bonds.  One can think of a covalent network solid as a giant molecule.  In this type of solid inter- and intra-molecular forces are indistinguishable.

Please send me your comments and suggestions on this post.Please refer my blogs for science help, and send in your comments and suggestions,it will be appreciated.

Soil Erosion

In this post we are learning about soil erosion, causes of soil erosion, and prevention of soil erosion.

Soil erosion is when the layers of soil is blown away by the wind or washed away by the rain.Soil erosion is seen commonly in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. We can find soil erosion very prominently in Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes.

Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilizers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus.

Ear Structure

The ear is the human organ which detects sound. Ear acts as a receiver for sound, and also plays a major role in the sense of balancing body position.Find below the ear structure and its parts.

The parts of the ears are mentioned below with the details on the functions and characteristics of each of them.

• Eardrum – This is thin layer of skin at the end of the external ear canal
• Auditory Ossicles - The three small bones in the middle ear, know as the hammer (malleus), anvil (incus) and stirrup (stapes) which are connected to one another. Together these ossicles are called the ossicular chain. Their purpose is to lead the sound striking the eardrum further into the inner ear
• Oval Window - An opening in the bone between the air filled middle ear cavity and the fluid filled inner ear, and is covered by a thin membrane
• Cochlea - Part of the inner ear that contains part of the hearing organs.
• Semicircular Canals - Part of the organ of balance that is part of the inner ear
• Eighth Nerve - Nerve that transmits messages from the inner ear to the brain.
• Eustachian Tube - A tube connecting the middle ear cavity and the pharynx (back of the throat). It can be opened by coughing or swallowing, though it is normally closed. The occasional opening of the Eustachian tube is necessary to equalize the are in the middle ear cavity
• Helix - The in-curve rim of the external ear
• Antihelix - A landmark of the outer ear
• Lobule - A landmark of the outer ear. The very bottom part of the outer ear
• Crest of Helix - A landmark of the outer ear
• ExternalAuditory Meatus - or External Auditory Canal. The auditory canal is the channel through which the sounds are led from the ear outside to the middle ear.

Types of Colloids

The statue colloidal refers to a commonwealth of division, implying that the molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a occupation possess at minimal in one direction a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1µm, or that in a system discontinuities are constitute at distances of that impose.There are various types of colloids which are as shown below:

 It is not obligatory for all figure dimensions to be in the colloidal extent: fibers in which only two dimensions are in this chain, and spindly films, in which one dimension is in this capability, may also be grouped as colloidal. Nor is it required for the units of a colloidal system to be separate: straight scheme structures, the elementary units of which are of colloidal dimensions also pass in this assort.Colloidal solution can be of various types , for example milk, smoke, mist etc.

In this post we have learn about colloids. I hope this was useful to all the readers.

Types of Ecosystem

An ecosystem (small for "biology grouping") is generally characterized as a group of organisms experience in a item surround and the somatogenetic elements with which they interact. The components of an ecosystem can be anything under this earth .An ecosystem is an artless useful organization that results from the interactions of abiotic (colly, wet, bright, mineral nutrients and hold), biotic (plants, animals, and microorganisms commonly categorized as either producers or consumers), and ethnical (phylogenesis) components.

There are many types of ecosystem, which can be classified as follows:

1) Natural Ecosystem
2) Artificial Ecosystem


Under natural ecosystem we have terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem.

Ecosystems have imperfect societies and earmark them to flourish, due to the nutritional, environmental, ethnical, recreational and esthetical resources they engage. We all depend straight or indirectly on the products and services of ecosystems, including crops, eutherian, fish, club, light nutrient, oxygen, and wildlife.

Evolution

In this post we learn about Evolutions. Lets first define evolution and then,understand Darwin theory of evolution;The theory of evolution is an explanation for the origin of the cosmos and life on Earth through natural processes.


Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all related. Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) "descent with modification".Darwin's theory also explains the study of chromosome structure which is a very important aspect under evolution.



According to the theory of evolution, earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago. Its atmosphere probably contained little free oxygen, but a lot of water vapor and other gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and was extremely hot. By 3.9 billion years ago, earth cooled enough for water vapor to condense, allowing millions of years of rain that formed earth's oceans.

Respiration

Respiration: Respiration is the release of energy from glucose or another organic chemical. The chemical energy in glucose can be used to provide the energy required for growth, repair and movement. In fact most things you do require energy.



There are two types of respiration:
External respiration
Internal respiration


External Respiration: We can define external respiration as the process by which external air is drawn into the body in order to supply the lungs with oxygen, and air is expelled out from the lungs in order to remove carbon dioxide from to body.


Internal respiration: Internal respiration concerns the exchange of gases in the lungs with those in the tissues. Internal respiration is the processes by which the gases in the air that has already been drawn into the lungs by external respiration are exchanged with gases in the blood/tissues so that carbon dioxide (CO₂) is removed from the blood and replaced with oxygen (O₂).

Kinetic Energy

We can define energy as a quantity that can be assigned to any particle, object, or system of objects as a consequence of its physical state.Lets try and understand the different forms of energy and some examples. 



In this post we will learn about kinetic energy and examples of kinetic energy  and the basic formula to calculate kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy is simple words is the energy of motion. An object which has motion - whether it be vertical or horizontal motion - has kinetic energy. There are many forms of kinetic energy - vibrational (the energy due to vibrational motion), rotational (the energy due to rotational motion), and translational (the energy due to motion from one location to another). 

The basic formula to calculate Kinetic energy is 

KE = 1/2*m *v²

m=mass of the objest

v = speed of the object.

Examples of kinetic energy are a bullet racing by a non-moving observer has kinetic energy.Flywheels are being developed as a method of energy storage . This illustrates that kinetic energy can also be rotational.

Conventional Sources of Energy

Non-conventional sources of energy comprise those energy sources that are natural, inexhaustible as well as renewable.Conventional sources of energy usually include fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil as well as nuclear power. Non conventional sources include solar power, hydro power and wind power.

 Find below some examples of forms of energy and we will try and understand the advantages and disadvantages of conventional sources of energy.

• Biomass energy
• Solar energy
• Wind power 
• Geothermal energy 
• Hydroelectric power
• Coal 
• Oil 
• Natural gas 
• Nuclear power

Advantages and disadvantages of conventional energy:

Advantages of Conventional energy: Fossil fuels are inexpensive and require established technologies that can produce energy around the clock. Non conventional energy sources have a much smaller environmental footprint and are renewable.

Disadvantages of Conventional energy: Conventional sources of energy have a limited supply because eventually the nuclear elements and fossil fuels will be used up.

Energy and forms of Energy

In this post we will learn about the different forms of energy: 

We can define energy as a quantity that can be assigned to any particle, object, or system of objects as a consequence of its physical state.Lets try and understand the different forms of energy and some examples.

Kinetic Energy:
Lets consider a ball thrown and is on air. The ball is said to have "kinetic energy" by virtue of the fact that its in motion relative to the ground.

Potential Energy:
Lets consider a water bottle on a table. The water bottle is said to have "potential energy" because if it is nudged off, gravity will accelerate the book, giving the book kinetic energy. Some examples of potential energy are the massive ball of a demolition machine and the stretched bow possesses stored energy of position – potential energy

Thermal, or heat energy:
Consider a hot cup of coffee. The coffee is said to possess "thermal energy", or "heat energy" which is really the collective, microscopic, kinetic and potential energy of the molecules in the coffee (the molecules have kinetic energy because they are moving and vibrating, and they have potential energy due their mutual attraction for one another - much the same way that the book and the Earth have potential energy because they attract each other).  

Chemical Energy:
Consider the ability of your body to do work. The glucose (blood sugar) in your body is said to have "chemical energy" because the glucose releases energy when chemically reacted (combusted) with oxygen. 

Electrical Energy

All matter is made up of atoms, and atoms are made up of smaller particles, called protons (which have positive charge), neutrons (which have neutral charge), and electrons (which are negatively charged). Electrons orbit around the center, or nucleus, of atoms, just like the moon orbits the earth. The nucleus is made up of neutrons and protons.